showed interviews with the Allies in March 1945 that between December 1944 and March 1945 between 66 and 90 percent of the captured Germans had seen Allied flyers. About two-thirds of them reported to have been influenced by it. Although these figures must be seen in the particular situation of the emerging German defeat, but they give an approximate idea of the potential of war propaganda.
A more precise definition follows from the practical implementation of the propaganda. A directive of the Allied Expeditionary Force Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), 11 March 1944 well-defined types and impact areas of the Allied propaganda. Accordingly, strategic propaganda against the German Troops and the population in Germany and occupied areas addressed. They should "break the resistance of the enemy and support the morale of us sympathetic to [.]". Strategic actions use propaganda radio broadcasts, leaflets, agents, and rumors. propaganda battle or tactical propaganda directed against themselves to the armed forces in the front lines and the people behind the enemy lines. It relies on mobile radio stations, monitoring departments. Sound trucks, field and tactical printing leaflets.
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understood the Germans in the same year under propaganda "a weapon of national and international politics in the formation of public opinion." The Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda issued general guidelines, but the actual practical work led by the propaganda units of the armed forces, monitored and managed by military authorities. Propaganda troops led by not only tactical propaganda, but were also responsible for war reporting and censorship exercised over military operations. Just as the Allies, the Germans, the propaganda with the aim of the will to win of their own troops and population to sustain and undermine the morale of the enemy.
died in 1945 from the concept of propaganda, but rather lived on in the cold war. from political practice, Werner Lambertz, former Secretary of the Politburo of the SED, propaganda, referred to as "convincing, changing (and) to deliberate act leading ideological activities."
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white, black, gray: what kind of propaganda
The various forms of propaganda, a distinction is also following the disclosure of their sender. Under white propaganda is defined as a measure, for example a flyer, a radio station or newspaper that is open to assign a sender.
The term propaganda is often used and rarely defined. The communication scientist Gerhard Maletzke understands propaganda as "planned experiments [.], By communicating the thoughts, attitudes, behaviors to influence target groups with political aims. "
White propaganda
examples of white propaganda from the Second World War, both in broadcasting the BBC (British Broadcasting Corperation), as found also in those of the German Reich Radio. In the native language of the enemy broadcasts were aired, which should bring the enemy population to the attention of other information and opinions, as the official organs of their governments.
White propaganda was also directly used successfully on the battlefield. As part of the propaganda Details "Winter Tale" 1944 on the eastern front some basic principles has been made to prevail. According to a memorandum of Hans Weidemann, Lieutenants and SS war correspondent and after the war staff of the magazine "Stern", was not only the troops on the unique role of propaganda informed, providing them with the necessary propaganda troops - at least one train per division or corps - improved and the appropriate personnel and material, but also ensured the mass release by the Air Force. They used also howitzers and mortars to the firing of projectiles with leaflets and balloons. Man Willow asked to focus on the battlefield propaganda, and pushed together use sound trucks and leaflets. Through close collaboration and standardized with the IC-region (intelligence gathering and analysis), the reconnaissance should be better than have been in the service of propaganda. The Red Army was in the middle attack in preparation, as flyers and announcements was tempted to defect and simulation propaganda urging the fear of the soldiers prior to the application of self-mutilation and simulation of diseases and injuries. The main difficulty of the defectors was obviously to overcome their own obstacles and do not reveal to other soldiers. During an attack, and against an already enemy was so shocked this kind of battlefield propaganda is most effective. The largest sound truck with a 1,000 watt system could under the best conditions to send far up to 9,000 meters. The other speakers were achievements 300-3000 meter range.
Exact defectors statistics are not available for this company. However, there are assumptions, based on numbers of defectors and prisoners' statements of the army that has just lost the Red Army, the staff of eleven divisions of the German propaganda. A single propaganda campaign with sound trucks should have won in the year 1941 12.000 defectors. In particular, the loudspeaker announcements with music of different peoples of the Soviet Union and a military choir of volunteer prisoners seem to have appealed to the Red Army. It has certainly also difficult to assess the attitudes of people in the former Soviet Union and its dissatisfaction with the Stalinist regime out. The initial military successes of the Wehrmacht in the East should have played a not insignificant role. On the other hand, it was during the winter months, in which the active propaganda has been discontinued, no defectors and the rumors about the treatment in German prisoner of war who were picked up by the Soviet propaganda Inter strengthens the will to resist the Red Army.
Anders assessed Julius Mader, author of several "investigative books" of the BND, and German politicians from the East German view of the Cold War, naturally German propaganda campaigns in the Second World War, its description as a collaboration between Reinhard Gehlen Foreign Armies East and the Reich Security Main Office (RSH) created: "Gehlen had to soften even the illusion that is, the morale of Soviet troops and the political and moral resolve of the Soviet Union fraternal nationalities living side by side with a thousand tons of paper can be." The background of this representation of a personal interest should Gehlen attempt be it as BND chief (from the perspective of the East one of the main opponents) get with the RSH Logo and beyond to promote the indissoluble brotherhood of the Soviet peoples, the same current, or - in the case of a hot conflict between the blocks - future activities West German psychological warfare can seem pointless. Reinhard Gehlen
describes himself in his memoirs, for example, the action "silver lining" in the 1,500 Russian officers and soldiers and propagandists in Dabendorf trained by the Germans and then were used. It is indeed to any success, are called but the number of 176 infantry, cavalry and artillery battalions and 38 work, security and training units in company strength, were made by peoples of the Soviet Union and a few surrounding countries.
battlefield propaganda in German, which was directed against the armed forces, was operated by German soldiers had defected in the employ of the Red Army. Not only marked as such, members of the so-called "National Committee Free Germany worked with sound trucks, pamphlets and newspapers directly to the front against their former comrades, but also in Soviet defectors uniforms. Some deserters were even used in their army uniform as a hidden fighting troops. Disguised as patrols, they could make propaganda material directly into the front line of the Wehrmacht.
A publication of the DDR describes surprisingly open about the National Committee, but with much glorifying nature, how are these shock troops of the infiltrated international law on the part of the Soviet army in their German uniforms (some with forged papers, medals and ranks) in the German lines in order to operate long-distance education work or propaganda, "'Thank you', drawled the driver of the distance patrols and raises casual hand to his cap, deceptively similar to [...] a typical officer in the fascist army and thus learned the military police, whom they had supplied so generously, was to them as thanks for their kindness the call of the National Committee 'Free Germany' glued to the window shutters. In which service was known as the National Committee is added bluntly: "In support of the Soviet Guard Lieutenant Colonel cousins I drive today as a representative of the Front National Committee 'Free Germany' by train from Moscow to Leningrad. [...] In my bag I lead the uniform of a German lieutenant with wide black and white with a red armband. I will promote the manifesto of the National Committee under the German soldiers and officers. "
The positive presentation of the results of the National Committee in the East German publication belies the widespread ineffectiveness of the Soviet propaganda of time: "The question is where the station is one of Germany 'Free Germany' can be with the word 'all' answer. [...] In the transmitter was M. 'Free Germany 'during a course of training in the infantry barracks for several weeks, one every night. In an air base was in June 1944, the transmitter of the National Committee by Speaker belongs to all the rooms, because the radio was out of the room of the officer on duty centrally controlled. The use of German writers and speakers could give the Soviet propaganda at any time anywhere near the credibility westalliierter measures.
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black propaganda
In contrast to white propaganda is black propaganda, but always a false or fictitious sender or creator.
One example is from the Second World War, the "military radio stations Calais, posing as a military power station, but was operated by a British unit of deception SHAEF.
operated the Germans during the French campaign the station "Radio Humanité, which was operated by the Propaganda Ministry and Communist camouflage contributed significantly, a huge wave of refugees behind the lines of the French army and the trigger British expeditionary force, thus affecting their freedom of operation. Another black German station "comrade du Nord" tried before the outbreak of fighting in 1940 to give the impression that it was a French underground station, who advocated a policy of understanding.
The production of uncertainty and confusion for the opponent and the disruption of its operational capacity to act, its military and civilian branches and their interaction is one of the most desired effects of black propaganda campaign. There were dropped such as fact sheets from the British with the sender and the stamp of the German police, in which has been looking for imaginary German deserters in German uniform. The idea was to create confusion and army and police involved and discredit.
Tiefschwarz: image forgeries
How many of the We were forged in the context of familiar images of war propaganda measures, is not nearly unknown. In addition to the photo montage is primarily Asked shots.
Alain Jaubert refers to the histories of two important paintings. The still in many works on the Second World War or the Afrika Korps to-find English recording of the alleged capture of Tobruk in October 1942, is "a moving production that a few days after the battle by using smoke bombs" had been made.
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Looted watches the flag bearer retouched
allowed a much greater extent the Russians in 1945 after the end of the fighting, the conquest of Berlin, including the storming of the Reichstag and the capture of the remaining German bunker Officers to film and adjust. The Soviet military photographer Yevgeny Khaldei describes the origin of his image by hoisting the red flag over the Reichstag: "It was early morning of 2 May 1945. I entered the Reichstag building. [...] A young soldier was sympathetic towards me. I had a red flag in his hand. He said: 'Lieutenant dawei, let us climb onto the roof with the flag'. 'That's why I'm here,' I said. [...] I searched long after compositional possibilities. Then I said, 'Guys, go and stand out there and hoist the flag and at the place'. " Apparently it was also important to change the image of the enemy within the meaning of own goals. The cover of the army published by British magazine "Parade" was in 1943 as an alleged German soldier, who should be the beaten Afrika Korps. The caption "master race" master race, is in contradiction to the physiognomy of the person. The responsible soldiers of the Army Film and Photographic Unit, said to the image after the war, that the represented person "was the ugliest character you could find on the streets of Cairo and put in a uniform similar panel was". be
forgeries are also there, where pictures does not call, but deliberately in the wrong context. One of the most famous images of war Robert Capa apparently shows a soldier killed during the English Civil War. This image is now labeled "Why?", Used to protest against war. During the English Civil War, this "snapshot of high suggestive power [...] to most printed visual symbol of sacrifice and martyrdom in the fight against the evil of fascism," as Mira Beham also writes and has called on the armed resistance. An impartial and critical study of the origin of the image but could give no information about who and what the picture really shows and who has taken out.
These findings should lead to a fundamentally critical position against allegedly "true" and "incorruptible" pictures lead. Before it is unclear who, how, when and by whom the recordings made, they show little or nothing. To view all or slightly more ambiguous. This applies to both images in modern books as well as in exhibitions such as the then controversial Wehrmacht exhibition.
leaflets dropped from U.S. aircraft
Grey propaganda
As Gray propaganda finally called measures that do not specify authors and not otherwise classified on the basis of distinction is superficial. Gray propaganda may allow the receiver but by their contents drawn on the real or fictitious sender.
Apart from the fact that black or gray propaganda measures to deceive the recipient aware, it was also the recipient that the sender knew the real, credible also assure themselves about the sender not to have been aware of this. Because in many situations, it was strictly forbidden to acquire enemy propaganda, and certainly, to spread it more. Who but an assurance could he have kept the relevant "information" for its own troop information, could feel a little safer. be matched
The different types of propaganda must be coordinated with each other and to the entire war in order to develop impact.
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countermeasures against propaganda
countermeasures against propaganda included not only the ban on "enemy stations" to listen and to have flyers, but also the prompt or the command, it immediately with "enemy propaganda" to highlight and supervisors or police bodies and of the site to convey. There were also brochures from the Wehrmacht propaganda in the High Command of the Armed Forces who were demonstrating, as retouched by the Allies and photos were faked, and the effect could have it.
The psychological impact of their own forces and population is a common measure to counter actual or alleged enemy propaganda. In the National People's Army (NPA) have been under psychological defenses deemed to include the hate propaganda directed against the "class enemy", the potential opponent. Special facilities, such as the Cabinet on the political and psychological preparation of military personnel to the war, "were carried out systematically by officers constitute the political department in numerous properties and the officer university" Franz Mehring "like Koop and Schoessler. They showed in multi-media representations of war scenes and horrific images of so-called capitalist societies. Whether such psychological cabinets in the light of modern understanding of combat stress and stress management in an armed conflict would have been productive, however, is questionable. Walter Lambert explained according to this view in the GDR in a paper in 1972, the decisions of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED to the effect that - as Hundhausen quotes - "agitation and propaganda even more determined to round strengthening of our socialist East Germany, for their [.] to concentrate more and more established fixture in the socialist community " are. One of the most important tasks is to develop people to socialist personalities. This process would take the mass media of the GDR a key position, and therefore in addition to social scientists, journalists are major sources of propaganda. The systematic education for hatred of the potential enemy was denied by the leadership of the army not. The General Colonel Kessler stressed that the goal is education, "with all members of the army, border troops and civil defense of the GDR in uncompromising confrontation with the enemy's ideology of revolutionary vigilance and unrelenting hatred of the enemy auszuprägen" as cited Hartke.
is of course the propaganda was not finished with the end of the Cold War. The forms have changed - you think about the amateur videos of the Islamists in Afghanistan and aerial photographs of suspected Iraqi missile sites - the underlying mechanisms have remained the same.
references
psychological warfare on the radio
war in the dark. Misinformation and educate the Stasi
Information Operations of the U.S. armed forces
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literature
- M. Beham: war drums. Media, war and politics. 1995th
- O. Buchbender: The German propaganda sounding narrator against the Red Army in the 2nd World War II. 1978th
- K. Hartke: The role of radio-electronic media in the ideological diversion of NATO countries. In: Military Affairs. 10/81.
- E. Howe: The black propaganda. An insider report on the most secret operations of British intelligence during World War II. 1983rd
- C. Hundhausen: propaganda. Foundations, principles, materials, sources. 1975th
- A. Jaubert: Photographs of the lying. Policies through false images. 1989th
- K. Kirchner: Disease saves. Psychological warfare. 1976th
- V. Koop and D. Schößler: Heritage NVA. Impressions of their history and the days of the change. 1992nd
- J. Mader: The gray hand. A settlement with the Bonner intelligence. 1960th
- T. Le Tissier: German against German. Traces of armed 'Seydlitz troops'. In: Military History. 4 / 95.
- B. Wittek: British air war against the Third Reich. The German war broadcasts of the British Broadcasting Corporation. 1962nd
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