multiple fought in the history of volunteers in the face or for a clear military defeat on, rather than to lay down their weapons. The assessment of these organizations is complicated not only by propaganda of the enemy, but also because classification of operations and counter operations. In a four-part series, we are guerrilla activities in the Civil War, the Ukrainian and consider Baltic resistance in the 50 years and the werewolf organization in 1945 and the Stay-behind plan to 1989.
1864 begins, the military end of the chronically under-served and under-funded South, the Confederate States of America, to emerge. The CSA staff have been bled dry, internationally after the proclamation of Lincoln's slavery isolated and economically ruined. Occupying forces from the northern States, through harassment of Confederate civilians, and destruction of crops and killing of cattle is helping to stir up hatred. Is notorious bully as Northern States-General David Hunter, whose forces the people in the Shenandoah Valley. The Southern States have any more than the North, the guerrilla war organized systematically and comprehensively. Although the Partisan Ranger Act of 1862 regulated the possibility of irregular units set up to fight, but this law was in February 1864 - partly because of pressure from the regular army leadership - withdrawn.
Richard Anderson and others beginning of the guerrilla war
begin in late 1864 in the northern occupied territory of the South guerrilla actions. For example, access on 27/09/1864 30 of 225 guerrillas of "Bloody Bill" aka "Fighting Dick" Richard Heron Anderson (born 1821 Sumter City, Virginia, died 1879) in the town of Centralia Of Missouri, looted and abide by the railroad. 25 Union soldiers are killed. At the end of the day 160 inexperienced soldiers of the Union under the leadership of a major hit in Centralia and fall into an ambush in which 116 men are killed. Anderson is fighting with his men just as successful in conventional combat, and finally drops at 26.10. 1864 as leader of a regular cavalry unit under General Sterling "Old Pap" Price in an ambush.
In the surrounding area of the Appalachian mountains does John Hunt Morgan to transport routes and binds the Union forces of the North, which must be parked as a transportation guide and protect the railway lines.
On 19 October 1864 penetrate a 30 Southerners, under Lieutenant Bennett H. Young of neutral from Canada, Vermont, and attacked the town of St. Albans the banks. Their prey is $ 200,000.
RH Anderson
John Singleton Mosby
Former Attorney " Grey Ghost, "Colonel John Singleton Mosby (born 1833 in Edgremonton, Virginia, after the war, U.S. consul in Hong Kong, died 1916), was a former scout for the Confederate cavalry legend Jeb Stuart and struggled with his" Partisan Rangers, "which over 43 . Virginia Cavalry in western Virginia in small groups before 21 April 1864 the arms stretched out - after General Lee and to the disapproval of other guerrilla resistance.
JS Mosby
; William Clark Quantrill
known was William Clark Quantrill (born 1837 in Canal Dover, Ohio, died in 1865 at the military prison at Louisville), under its command, the brothers Frank and Jesse James and Cole Younger rode (the future James Gang) and fought in Kansas and Missouri. Quantrill is fighting not only his own guerrilla war, but in December 1862 as part of a major operation under General Thomas C. Hindmann on the outskirts of Fayetteville. In the battle of Prairie Grove are each about 10,000 Confederate and Union soldiers against. The Union troops eventually withdraw after Quantrill and other soldiers have destroyed their vanguard. After desertion of a new Confederate regiment from Arkansas, the Southerners have, however, solve the following night but by the enemy. Both sides each lost about 1,300 men was notorious Quantrill when he comes over with his men in the town of Lawrence Kansas and 160 men, women and children are killed. However, it must be noted to the fact that Union soldiers previously uninvolved relatives of Quantrill and his men have been captured and interned. With the collapse of a building in Kansas City, under circumstances not completely clarified, some of these detainees are being killed. Quantrill men promise to take revenge. In return for the massacre of the north turn Quantrill has 19 000 innocent civilians in the communities adjacent to Kansas from Missouri. Also is often mentioned that northerners and their sympathizers in the area of activity precedence over Quantrill similar. These include, for example, Charles Jennison "Jayhawkers and George Hoyt" Red Legs ". Quantrill was on 10 May 1865 and had fought to a month longer than Mosby.
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WC Quantrill
The Confederate Navy
Although the Confederate Navy no guerrilla operations carried out in the real sense, are among their activities, some legendary raids, reminiscent of some operations of German ships such as the German Emden in World War II. Sun brought the CSS "Alabama" in 22 months, 64 ships of the merchant fleet of the Union before it finally sunk off Cherbourg, France to repair a stay of the corvette USS Kearsarge is. Similarly successful was the blockade runner CSS Tallahassee, in 1864 in three weeks, 31 vessels sank the Union. One of the last units that catches the flag, is also a Confederate ship, the CSS Shenandoah on 4 Nov 1865 in Liverpool. At that time she has made without knowledge of the political and military circumstances under Captain James I. Waddell, another successful raids in the Bering Sea in June behind them, and thus the last shots of that war. The surrender and the return of most of the Prisoners of war, however, is also back several months.
CSS Alabama (right) takes the ship Union
; guerrillas of the north
The north was however less on guerrilla warfare and had to because of its enormous human and material superiority also little reason - other than fanatics like the mentioned "Jayhawkers" or "Red Legs," whose approach is less military operations, rather than terrorist action against pro-Confederate civilians was similar. Systematic destruction of infrastructure on a large scale could make Union troops readily because of their military superiority open. In addition, the North is also the most modern cities with artillery against civilian population one, for example, against Atlanta in 1864, and kills therefore not involved (before the population is called upon by the attackers of the Union to leave within ten days the city and the city finally to Union General Sherman is completely destroyed after their occupation in order to weaken the South . Sherman destroyed and laid waste to his march whole areas, confiscated not only food but also assets and tolerated behind him pulling criminals and deserters from both armies engage in identity the remains. One of the few guerrillas in the employ of the North, James J. Andrews, who in 1862 abducted include a Confederate train. When the plan fails, Confederate pursuers by stop burning of railroad bridges, Andrews fled on foot with his 21 men. He and seven of his men were captured and executed.
translated commands the northern states, not only to follow Confederate guerrillas, but also allowed the persecution and deportation of supporters (eg Union's General Order 10 and 11 August 1863).
chaos in the last days of the South
On 9 August 1864 a smuggled bomb explodes at the Union headquarters of General Grant, killing 43 people and injured more 125th Grant remains intact.
On 25 and 26 November 1864 fire in New York agent of the South 10 hotels, Barnum's Museum, and try to blow up ships in the harbor.
On 3 April 1865 is Richmond, and CSA President Jeff Davies is evacuated.
On 9 April Lee surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia (27,000 men) before Appomatox Court House. It further CSA troops remain in the field.
On 14 April, Lincoln was shot by an assassin and falls on 15 his injuries. Andrew Jackson is sworn in as president.
to CSA President Davis, a bounty will be suspended. On 10 May he be captured. On the same day is the Confederate guerrilla leader William C. Quantrill. Davis will be chained in prison temporarily.
On 2 June is E. Kirby Smith was the last commander of the South. Colonel Joseph O. Shelby from Lexington, Kentucky refused to surrender and settles with about 1,000 soldiers to Mexico.
Literatur und Verweise
- Ian F.W. Beckett: Guerilla Warfare. New York 1999.
- Michael Fellmann: Inside War: The Guerilla Conflict in Missouri During the American Civil War. New York 1989.
- V.C. Jones: Grey Ghosts and Rebel Raiders. New York 1956.
- Scharfschützen im Sezessionskrieg
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